Sudi heritage site is located at 10⁰ 09’38.6’’S and 039⁰58’01.6’’ E in a Sudi area, Lindi rural District in southern Tanzania. The heritage site is reached by driving 60km from lindi municipality following the Lindi-Mtwara road up to Madangwa junction. And, fromMadangwa junction, the heritage assets are located about 13km northwards.

Heritage site of Sudi encompass various cultural heritage assert.This includesMikwaju mosques probably of 17^th -19^th C.  The site contains Tombs with inscription and variousstyles such as point arch and straight folded tombs. The tombs were first reported by late Mturi (1972) and suggest that to be of 18^th -19^th C. However, study by Dr. Ichumbaki (2011-2012) who attempted to translates the inscriptions placed on tombs suggest that Sudi site is older than 18^th C. Sudi heritage assert also has a old port. This is known from the remainingstanding pillar which can be seen few meters from the British colonial court built in 1939. Theremains of German court foundation and British colonial court also forms the important part of sudi heritage assets. These assert have provided important information about German and British occupation in the area.

Pangani historic town is found in Tanga region, northern east Tanzania. The site is about 50km from Tanga town by road.

Archeological remains retrieved from excavation and built heritage found at the Pangani suggest that,   at least site was occupied back to 15^th. However, the modern historic town came to its prominence in the 19^th c, when, under nominal Zanzibar rule. By this time, it was a major terminus of caravan rout from deep interior. After the Sultan of Zanzibar signed treaties with Great Britain outlawing the ocean-going trade in slaves in 1873, Pangani became a center for smuggling slaves across the narrow channel to Pemba, in evasion of British warships. Later on, around 1888, Pangani was the center of an armed movement to resist German colonial conquest of the entire mainland Tanzanian coast. This gives the on the struggle for liberation from colonial domination.

Pangani emerged as a vibrant international trade hub soon after Sultan Seyyid Said shifted his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in the 1840s, and brought the East African trade firmly under his control. Also, trading activities along the coast that were formerly financed only in Zanzibar shifted to Pangani town during the second half of the nineteenth century. At this time,  Zigua and Kamba emerging as key players in this trade by linking communities deep in the interior to the coast. The key participant involve in the caravan trade imported and exported trade goods such  as ivory, sugar, and copra, ivory, hippopotamus teeth, rhinoceros horn, maize, and ghee.

Several historical site in and around the town serve as the remainder of the strong Arabic influence and the later German and British colonial period in Tanganyika. The architecture of Pangani reflects the influence of Arabs, Asian, German, and the British historical presence at east Africa.  The historic town has about 19-20 stone houses. These include historical river front, the Asian quarters, Indian street, the German post office and custom house, the slave market, British hospital, and German cemetery. On the coastal area to the north and south there are ruins of mosque and tombs with earliest dates to 14^th and 15^th century. According to oral history, some of standing buildings have been connected with his slave trade activities  

Olduvai Gorge is one of the most famous paleo anthropological site in the World. The gorge is about 100-meter-deep cutting across a 50-kilometerwide rift-platform basin located between Precambrian basements to the west and the Plio-Pleistocene Ngorongoro Volcanic Highland to the East. The site lies in the eastern flanks of the Ngorongoro volcanic highland in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), on the plains of the Serengeti ecosystem.

Paleo-anthropological and archeological work at Olduvai began in 1900s, soon after it has been reported in 1911 by entomologist professor Wilhelm Katewinkle. This was followed by first scientific expedition by a German geologist, Dr. Hans Reck.  Reck was the first person to study geological structure of the George where he divided the layers into five Schichtkomplexes(geological sequences), he also collected fossil remains and cranium of ancient apelike man which later came to be known as Archaic homo from bed four. Dr. Reck’s work provided significant information regarding the geology and material culture available at Olduvai. His findings drew attention and attracted various anthropologists such as Dr. Leakey.

On his first visit at Olduvai, Dr Leakey was impressed with the scattered lithic artifact that he observed from surface. Consequently, in 1930s Dr Louis Leakey and his wife officially started their research activities in the gorge. They took a couple of decades studying and collecting lithic artifacts and fossils remains but also searching for the tool makers. Although the paleontological and archaeological importance of Olduvai Gorge had long been recognized, it was only after the discovery of OH 5 (Zinjanthropusboisei= Australopithecus boisei; Leakey, 1959 that large-scale excavations began throughout the gorge. Since then, several numbers of hominids remain, an abundant of both extinct and extant faunal remains, and stone artifact were collected from survey and pit excavation.

In 1983, Marry Leakey retired working at Olduvai. Two years later, the Institute of Human Origin (IHO) instigates an international paleo-anthropological research expedition that lasted for three years. IHO expedition collected paleontological specimens more important was the discovery of hominid partial skeleton (OH62) namely Homo habilis. Later on, several paleo-anthropological project which incorporating local and foreigner researchers including Olduvai Landscape Archaeology Project (OLAP), The Olduvai Paleo-anthropological and Palaeoecological Project (TOPPP), Olduvai Vertebrate Paleontological Project (OVPP), and Olduvai Geochronology Corering Project (OGCP), in a very recent time. Appreciably, more hominids fossil, faunal remains and stone tools have been added from ongoing project at Olduvai.

To date, Olduvai offer the best documentation of hominid cultural and biological evolution. Accordingly, the best record of four hominid species belonging to genus australopithecine, Homo habilis, Homo erectas, and archaic Homo sapiens are found at Olduvai.  Adding together, various stone tools studies ranging from early Stone Age to middle Stone Age have been conducted at Olduvai. In that ground, Olduvai is regarded as the cradle of humankind. Furthermore, various macro and micro animal bones both extant and extinct have been uneartherned from Olduvai. An abundance of these cultural materials obtained at various locality/Site of Olduvai provides an exceptional data set for reconstructing early hominid behavior, culture, and provided scientific information to understand human biological evolution, paleoenvironment, and paleoecology of the area.

KilwaKisiwani is the ancient Swahili state with substantial standing ruins, built with coral and lime motar. The site is located at 08⁰57’29.29’’S and 39⁰29’57.60’’E. The site can only be accessed by boat. Obviously, it takes about 20 minute by engine boat from Kilwa Masoko but takes more time when using dhows, depending on wind speed.Historical and archeological research conducted at the area suggests that the site was occupied from 9^th c to 19^thc, but reached its prosperity during 13^th and 14^th C.

Although the first settlement to an area dates to around 800AD, the area remained undistinguished until 13^th C. It is during this timeKilwa emerged as one of the most powerful settlements on the Eastern African coast, ruled by sultans who managed the intercontinental trade between the interior of Africa and the Indian Ocean world.  At this point, KilwaKisiwani became an important trade center linking East African coast, middle and Far East. As the center of trade KilwaKisiwani became a powerful state controlling and dominated other east African coastal town like sofala. Additionally, because of its economic potentiality, by 11^th c KilwaKisiwani minted its own coin.  In 1331-1332, the great traveler IbinBattuotamade a stop at Kilwa and described it as the one of most beautiful cities in the world.

Although Kilwa Kisiwan is known as one of the most emerged Swahili powerful state, its development was succumbed with development two small town of SongoMnara and KilwaKivinje. The other factor contributed to its decline includes invasion Sakalavas pirates from Madagascar, and introduction of various taxes imposed by the sultan to the inhabitant for land and all imported goods to the island. Moreover, Sofala free itself from the island’s dominance, and early in 16^th C Kilwa came under the Portuguese control. It wasn’t until more than 200 years later that Kilwa regain its power and became significant trading center for slaves being shipped from inland to the island of Mauritius and Comoro. In 1978s, Kilwa came under the control of the Sultan of Oman. And, by the mid of 19^th C the local ruler had succumbed the sultan of Zanzibar. Thus, the regional trade wind changed to kilwakivinje. As a result, the island town started to decline from which it never recovered.

The archeological investigation at Kilwakisiwani began in 1955- when Dr. James Kirkman placed a trench across a seawall. In 1958, Neville Chittick conducted a small scale excavation at the site. Subsequent to his work, while working with British institute of Eastern Africa, he undertakes large scale excavation from 1961-1966. Following his research output, various scholars have been conducting archeological research at the area which enabled us to understand the development of Swahili cultural along the east African coast.

To date, Kilwa Kisiwani has provided exceptional testimony of expansion of Swahili culture in the East African Coast. It provides outstanding architectural, archaeological and documentary evidence for the growth of Swahili culture and commerce along the East African coast from the 9th to the 19th centuries, offering important insights regarding economic, social and political dynamics of the east African coast. Moreover, the built heritage of KilwaKisiwani and material recovered from archaeological excavation has revealed extensive information about Swahili techno-complex and prosperous Indian Ocean from the medieval period up to the modern error. 

Makuyuni heritage site is located at Makuyuni village, Monduli district in Arusha Region, Northern Tanzania. The site is close to the modern day lake Manyara, an area which also known as Manyara national Park bordering makuyuni from the western site. Makuyuni site are accessible through car; close to an interjection joining main roads of for Arusha, Dodoma, and Ngorongoro,/Serengeti.

The site provides the most fossiliferous and artifact-rich Pleistocene strata in Manyara Beds dated from 1.3 to 0.6 million years ago. Various animal remains, stone artifact including olduwan and acheulin have been found from the site. Also, Makuyuni site has played an important role in understanding human biological and cultural evolutionary trend. For instance, at Makuyuni site 2 and site 4 fragmentary of hominid fossils were found in 1994 and 1995. These finding has enabled anthropologist to link Makuyuni and the finding that were obtained at Olduvai. Moreover, Makuyuni site provide significant information to understand paleo-enviroment and paleo-ecological niches along and close to the east African rift valley.

  Geographical location of Makuyuni site is both important for paleo studies and tourist destination as well. The former is due to availability of geological sequence that spans Mya. More importantly, it’s associations with hominid   activities. The later, on the other hand, Makuyuni site is located close to various tourist attractions including Lake Manyara. However, despite having important information and close to several other tourist attractions, little effort has been made to link the site with public and tourism activities as well. As a result, the site remained known to the scientist who have been working at the site and few local community surrounding it. 

Kilwa Kivinje, literally meaning “Kilwa of the Casuarina trees”, is one among the historic town settlements along the coast of East Africa. It was one of the 19^th C major transit port for the southern caravan route, serving various coast and hinterland, including what is today southern Tanzania, northern Mozambique, the whole of Malawi, and northern Zambia.  The site is located at the northern part of the Kilwa peninsula, about 30 kilometers via new road or 20 kilometers through the old road, north of KilwaMasoko. Their heritage assets are found at Kilwa Kivinje town, Kisangiugoga area, and Kiwavi respectively.

Similar to other coastal historic town such as Bagamoyo, Saadani, Pangani, Kilwa Kivinje is reported to have emerged as a port town out of the lucrative slave and ivory trade that flourished along the coast of East Africa during the nineteenth century. Furthermore, the growth of Kilwa Kivinje is connected to the decline of the two formerly prosperous city-states of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara.  By the 1840s, Kilwa Kivinje was already the most important port and trading center in the region, having absorbed many of the inhabitants of the two collapsed city islands

Like other coastal sites, such interaction as resulted to the introduction of new culture that encompasses Swahili, Arabs, and European elements. For instance, the German buildings were built in local construction techniques using coral stones and coral lime mortar, with floors supported by mangrove beams. The building contained new element of European architect such as   metal beams, the square wooden beams and the wooden floors - allowing more spacious rooms, better lighted, better aerated and more open verandas. On the other hand, the building retained some Swahili elements including flat roofs and merlons which were used for decorating the roofs, and the uses carved doors.

Most remarkable buildings at KilwaKivinje historic town are the customs house, the fort and the Boma. On the other hand, various archaeological material including local and imported potsherds, glass beads, faunal materials, and metal objects among many others. Of important, these cultural materials have provided significant information of human activities before and after the contact with the external world.